Price Estimation

The total cost of the application has been decided by the following four factor's

1. prevention
2. Appraisal
3. Internal Failure Cost
4. External Failure Cost

Prevention
Costs of activities that are specifically designed to
prevent poor quality.
Poor quality include coding erros , design errors ,
mistakes in the user manuals & bad document.
Most of the prevention costs don't fit within the
testing group budget.

A. Staff training
B. Requirements analysis
C. Early prototyping
D. Fault-tolerant design
E. Defensive programming
F. Usability analysis
G. Clear specification
H. Accurate documentation

Appraisal
Designed to find quality problem such as code
inspections and any type of testing.
Design reviews are part prevention and part appraisal.

A. Design review
B. Code inspection
C. Glass box testing
D. Black box testing
E. Training testers
F. Beta testing
G. Test automation
H. Usability testing

Internal Failure Cost
Failure costs that arise before your company supplies
its product to the customer.

A. Bug fixes
B. Regression testing
C. Wasted in-house user time
D. Wasted tester time
E. Wasted writer time
F. Wasted marketer time
G. Wasted advertisements
H. Direct cost of late shipment
I. Opportunity cost of late shipment

External Failure cost

Failure costs that arise after your company supplies
the product to the customer.
External failure cost are huge. it is much cheaper to
fix problem before shipping the defective product
to customer.


A. Technical support calls
B. Preparation of support answer books
C. Refunds and replacement with updated product
D. Lost sales
E. PR work to soften drafts of harsh reviews
F. Lost customer goodwill